To what extent would you agree with the view that the protagonist of Essay

How much would you concur with the view that the hero of Poe's accounts is language itself, and the structure of the story is its legend examine with r - Essay Example This interior fight makes Wilson go crazy and in the long run endeavor to kill a man who looks and acts simply like him since he accepts that this will reacquire his personality for him. Every one of these accounts has a hero that can be illustrative of language overall on the grounds that every one of them is doing combating against different powers who are attempting to control their language. Dupin doesn't wish to be limited by the customary guidelines of examination, much the same as many don't prefer to be limited by the regular standards of language, so he turns into a trailblazer in his field, which prompts him comprehending the wrongdoing. Wilson, then again, accepts that his own individual language is being undermined thus he acts viciously so as to ensure it. Every one of these characters speak to language since language, while continually developing, should likewise be shielded from outside variables, else we will all in the long run wind up talking and composing precisely similar. In the story ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue,’ by Edgar Allan Poe, the hero is a specialist investigator named C Auguste Dupin. Poe is regularly credited with making the class of criminologist fiction that is available today, as he â€Å"introduced three normal themes of analyst fiction: the wrongly speculated man, the wrongdoing in the bolted room, and the arrangement by unforeseen methods. Dupin illuminated the wrongdoing by perusing the proof better than the police and by seeing pieces of information that they had disregarded, consequently featuring the significance of deduction and observation†1. This story’s utilization of language centers around both Dupin and the storyteller, who is an excessively thoughtful figure and doesn't accept that Dupin can do any off-base. Dupin structures the plot of this story around his conviction that the Paris police division has not done all that it can do to tackle this wrongdoing. He utilizes his capacity of perceptio n to perceive hints at the wrongdoing scene

Health Dissertation ideas †Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry Free Essays

string(194) as a mediation Different clinical investigations have presented the need to consider infusion as a superior treatment choice for Morton’s neuroma over other non-careful treatment alternatives available. Presentation Pathology that causes metatarsalgia Morton’s Neuroma can be depicted as a perineural fibrosis and nerve pressure of the basic computerized nerve. This condition frequently happens in the second and third intermetatarsal spaces, in spite of the fact that it tends to be seen in other intermetatarsal spaces (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). As per Adams (2010) neuroma might be reciprocal, are progressively common in female grown-ups beginning their third decade of life. We will compose a custom paper test on Wellbeing Dissertation thoughts †Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now While the genuine reason for Morton’s neuroma isn't clear, it is accepted to be related with hypermobility of the metatarsals, notwithstanding monotonous movements which at last granulate nerves in metatarsals. There are recommendations from recounted considers that Morton’s neuroma is straightforwardly connected to pound wounds or redundant running or bouncing movements. The consequences of such tedious activities may prompt harm or injury on the region of the forefoot. There is likewise the chance of basic misalignment and mechanical anomalies that might be competent at the forefoot, which may therefore prompt production of indicative Morton’s neuroma (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). Basic misalignment for this situation may allude to parallel pressure of foot, which can prompt constant agony when aggravated bursa is crushed between the metatarsal heads. Hauser (2011) sees that one of the most widely recognized auxiliary concerns is the likelihood that remiss in intermetatarsal tendon may cause between advanced nerve tissue to move into an off-base spot, especially in the middle of the territories of metatarsal heads and be dependent upon exhaustive injury. The regular emotional history dependent on patients’ reports is normally portrayed by deadness and shivering, and transmitting and copying torment. Patients’ reports additionally propose that the torment is restricted at the plantar part of the particular intermetatarsal space, in spite of the fact that it can likewise expand itself and transmit into other contiguous toes of the contaminated individual (Berry, Gonzalez, Bowman, 2012). Patients regularly depict their sentiment of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s base. Altogether, these side effects may rise when the tainted does a weight-bearing action. Reports demonstrate that shut toed shoes, especially the tight-fitting ones can prompt increment in indications, and patients report help after they expel or change their shoes (Summers, 2010). Alleviation may likewise be experienced when the patient back rubs their foot or moves the toes around. Etiology of this condition and how it would be perceived clinically Research has set up that Morton’s neuroma is one of a kind regarding clinical analytic prerequisites or requirements (Drury, 2011). This is on the grounds that despite the fact that patients regularly report manifestations, for example, deadness, there is proof that tangible shortage might possibly be discovered when the patient experiences assessment. Drury (2011) sees that there might be an exhibition of spreading or disparity of the digits when clinical introduction is done, and that as a rule practically zero edema or aggravation can be watched clinically. Ordinarily, repeating torment with palpation to the intermetatarsal space is an ordinary action, yet care must be taken to place the weight in the space, and maintain a strategic distance from the metatarsal heads. There have been different clinical techniques to help clinicians adequately analyze Morton’s neuroma. Schreiber et al (2011); Faraj and Hosur (2010) report that patients may show a Mulder’s sign, which is incited by crushing the forefoot and directing utilization of plantar and dorsal weight. As it were, clinical test for Morton’s neuroma has from the start been to pack the foot by applying strain to the clinical and parallel parts of the foot at the metatarsophangeal joints, which thusly squeezes nerves (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2010: 503). A positive clinical test result includes a pop or snap that can be felt and heard simultaneously. This pop or snap is typically agonizing to the patient. There is a chance of imitating side effects of Morton’s neuroma in a procedure including Gauthier’ test, where the forefoot is crushed and average to horizontal weight is applied (Beltran et al., 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) has thusly portrayed a test comprising of spraining the toes and rolling the thumb of the analyst in the region of manifestations, a procedure that may recognize a delicate, thickened, and longitudinal mass of tissue. Clinical discoveries likewise demonstrate that Morton’s neuroma may give Tinel’s indication just as Valleix wonder (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). The other pathway for distinguishing Morton’s neuroma is symptomatic trying. This procedure includes plain radiography, ultrasound, and attractive reverberation imaging (Summers, 2010). Radiographs are routinely requested to preclude musculoskeletal pathology, despite the fact that ascent in nearness of the contiguous metatarsal heads is accepted to bring about expanded weight of the intermetatarsal nerve. Besides, Hause (2010) found no huge relationship between's radiographic discoveries and the clinical nearness of neuromas. What's more, there is the suggestion to utilize ultrasound in the analytic assessment of the interspaces (Hause, 2010). Drury (2011: 19) sees that there is a probability of a neuroma showing up as an ovoid mass with hypoechoic signal-mass to the long hub of the metatarsals. . Adams (2010), notwithstanding, prompts that in spite of the fact that MRI is a helpful indicative apparatus, it ought to consistently be held for atypical introductions or to take out different neuromas. Essentially, neuroma can be best recognized on T1 weighted pictures, and it’s liable to come out as an all around differentiated mass with negligible sign power. In rundown, clinical analytic way to deal with distinguish Morton’s neuroma can be accomplished by guaranteeing that assessment and symptomatic testing has precluded some other etiologies of manifestations. Preservationist treatment mediation for Morton’s neuroma No best treatment mediations have been recognized in the writing for treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Traditionalist intercession for Morton’s neuroma is viewed as probably the best treatment choices for the condition. Nonetheless, a portion of the basic traditionalist treatment choices include changing shoe type, utilization of metatarsal cushions, and utilization of non-steroidal calming drugs, managing sclerosing liquor infusions, and carefully transposing the culpable nerve (Summers, 2010). Numerous specialists and physical advisors have prescribed that patients are settled for a particular timeframe, and decrease exercises that may evoke torment (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012). Infusions as a mediation Different clinical investigations have presented the need to consider infusion as a superior treatment alternative for Morton’s neuroma over other non-careful treatment choices accessible. In an examination directed by Drury (2010) diverse traditionalist treatment quantifies regularly produce comparable outcomes. In a little randomized imminent investigation of 23 patients, the specialists thought about decrease in neuroma torment when supinatory or pronatory insoles are utilized. In the investigation, there was no express consideration or prohibition measures other than clinical determination, and no member or evaluator was viewed as incognizant in regards to the intercession distributions. The examination had 13 percent of the members (two patients) drop out following one month into the test. Following a year, torment in the supination and pronation insole bunches decreased by 50 percent and 45 percent, separately a decrease thought about inconsequential. In another examination, a truly dynamic 25-year-old female with analyzed suggestive Morton’s neuroma was gotten through a back rub treatment meetings. The six-meeting knead treatment included a 60 brief week after week rub practice including postural arrangement notwithstanding restricted foot and leg treatment. The patient was additionally put to finish at-home day by day work out, with a week by week checking of progress by the specialist who reevaluated the patient’s act and guaranteeing the customer rounds out a torment overview dependent on a Visual Analog Scale. The outcomes demonstrated dynamic change on the customer as far as agony character. Explicit patient report demonstrates that the agony character changed from consuming and cutting to dull and beating sensation after three meetings. There was additionally a decrease in torment during exercise. Despite the fact that this investigation recommends that rub treatment is a critical treatment for Morton’s neuroma, its shortcoming depends on the way that the treatment just included one customer. No investigation has demonstrated the viability of the technique on a bigger randomized control considers. In a forthcoming randomized investigation including 82 patients, the analysts analyzed steroid infusions alone dependent on shoe changes (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman 2012). A portion of the recorded essential results showed restraint fulfillment, which is fundamentally the nearness or nonappearance of torment, the agony force, and return of torment thereafter. The aftereffects of the investigation demonstrated that steroid infusions yielded better result as far as patient fulfillment, contrasted and other traditionalist alternatives, for example, shoe changes alone. In this examination, 23 percent of shoe-change patients accomplished total fulfillment following one month of mediation. This was fundamentally lower than the 50 percent of patients who experienced noteworthy agony decrease following one month

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contamination - Essay Example Maybe individuals will be all the more ready to put forth an attempt in controling this rising issue inside their private networks first of all. This may likewise help limit the medical issues related with contamination The primary sorts of contamination that will cause wellbeing concerns are the commotion contamination brought about by the tremendous measure of individuals and vehicles. This is because of the reality there is a high volume of traffic which is inspired by the high measure of cafés, bistros, clubs, theaters and stores all concentrated inside a solitary territory. The heath worries of clamor contamination are that individuals frequently experience the ill effects of rest unsettling influences, diminished learning capacity and expanded feelings of anxiety which can influence numerous parts of their lives. This obviously is to give some examples of the effects. There is additionally an expanded measure of air contamination. The fundamental offenders of this being cars debilitates that produce nitrogen oxides. This prompts respiratory difficulties and a few people can wind up creating asthma on account of this sort of contamination. Another wellspring of contamination in my neighborhood is strong waste. This is because of all the rubbish that is lying near. The absence of trash jars is the principle purpose behind this, yet additionally close to home disregard. The primary issue with strong waste is that is causes maladies. It is feasible source where ailments can show and move starting with one individual then onto the next. Plainly th What necessities to change Plainly the blocked express that my neighborhood is in requirements to change. There are no noticeable positive parts of the contamination particularly regarding medical problems. The as a matter of first importance thing that necessities taking care of is all the junk that is meeting in our boulevards. This should be possible by getting more trash canisters. Moreover a punishment should be paid if an individual is found littering. This can be consolidated by our neighborhood government. By making it lawful individuals will more than ready to assume liability for their activities. In fact this type of discipline could truly help check the issue. With respect to clamor and air contamination a large portion of the organizations like the eateries, bars, bistros, should unit to construct a huge secure parking garage. Along these lines individuals should walk a couple of miles to get to where they have to go. This will diminish the sum to vehicles that need to drive out and about. The most ideal approach to consolidate this is convert a portion of the boulevards into strolling roads. End Plainly all together for a network to work they should be worried about every others wellbeing. Being narrow minded isn't the best approach to advance, particularly when the issue influences all of us. Contamination isn't one individual's duty and when individuals are educated they may be eager to take care of business. Government support is likewise significant. Individuals frequently work best when there are rules. With regards to contamination the principles are nearly non-existent for people. By joining little changes the medical problems brought about by contamination can be handled. Additionally by educating everybody and making them answerable will help increment the consciousness of the negative medical problems that emerge because of contamination. As far as neighborhood government bolster it is horrifying to figure they would permit the garbage collect to such statures. They have to consolidate more receptacles as

English land law - Free Essay Example

English Land Law (a) For conveyances completed on or prior to 27 September 1990, a valid contract of sale of land was governed under s 40 of the Law of Property Act 1925. Any land contract could be either oral or written but, if oral, evidence via a written document or an act or part performance was required to facilitate enforceability. For post 27 September 1990 conveyances, the rules under s 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 are applicable. The contract must be in writing, contain all the terms agreed between the parties and must be signed by those parties. (b) A valid deed made before July 31st 1990 required the signature of the person executing the deed, his seal or locus sigilli (LS), and delivery to the other party. After July 31st 1990, the procedure is under s 1 of the MP(LP)A 1990. A deed must express on the face of it that it is intended to be a deed, it must be signed by the person executing the deed and done so in the presence of a witness. Finally, the deed is to be delivered by the person executing the deed or by another on his behalf. Question Two Title does not pass for registered land until the title is registered in the Land Registry in accordance with s 27 of the Land Registration At 2002. This system differs from the unregistered system as here there is only the requirement for the execution of title deeds that effect the transfer of ownership. The difference is that title does not pass in the new system until title is registered. In the old, latter system, title would pass immediately upon delivery of the deed with the money purchase of the estate. Question Three The three principles of land registration reflect the purpose of this system, which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To achieve greater simplicity and certainty of title to land by a system of central registration of property, ownership and charges.[1]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This therefore means that the requirement for investigation into title effectively stops upon inspection of the Registry and there are three principles of this system, which has its origins in Australia and is referred to as the Torrens system[2]. The Curtain Principle This principle dictates that, in accordance with s 78 of the Land Registration Act 2002 trusts relating to land are kept away from the title. The result of this is that third parties have the ability to transact with registered land owners with out fear of overreaching. This rule was also affirmed in the Australian case of Wolfson v Registrar General (NSW)[3]. The Insurance Principle Here the Crown will guarantee the accuracy of the registered title. The result of this is that the State will indemnify a registered proprietor from public funds in the event that they are deprived of their title or it is affected in any way by virtue of any fault in the register. The upper limit for compensation now stands at around  £2.5 trillion[4]. The Mirror Principle The notion here is that Land Registration is to act as a mirror which will accurately à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reflectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the full myriad of estates and interests that are affecting the registered land. This therefore means that the register is seen as the all encompassing document[5]. Question Four In Joint tenancy co-owners own the whole estate together and are treated collectively as a single owner. The subject matter of joint tenancy cannot therefore be split and distributed between the joint tenants as each possess a right to the whole estate. In order for a joint tenancy to be valid, it is essential that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"four unitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are present. Firstly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ requires that the interest of each of the co-owners vests at the same time. Secondly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means that the joint tenants are to have obtained their title via the same means, such as the unified action of taking possession , which was established in Ward v Ward[6]. Thirdly, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of each of the joint tenants requires to be absolutely identical and must therefore be of the same duration and nature. Finally, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Possessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means that the co-owners must be equally entitled to possession of the land[7] and no single part of it can be for the exclusive possession of one party to the group of joint tenants. By contrast, tenancy in common constitutes the notion of shares in property that can be split up. Further to this, there is only one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ principle, which is possession. This type of tenancy operates on the principle that the division of property occurs where there is a desire to liquidate a share by one of the tenants in common but, despite this all tenants in common share the right to possess the whole property. Question Five 1)Adverse Possession of unregistered land Possession is governed by the Limitation Act 1980, which states that no action for the recovery of land may be brought after a statutorily prescribed period of time has passed since the date of creation of the right of action[8]. The prescribed time is 12 years in accordance with s 15 of the 1980 Act. There are two requirements for there to have been successful expiration of the prescribed period. Possession The first element of possession is that it must be factual whereby, as stated by Slade J in Powell v McFarlane[9]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What must be shown as constituting factual possession is that the alleged possessor has been dealing with the land in question as an occupying owner might have been expected to deal with it and that no-one else has done so.[10]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Factual possession of ground behind a house would therefore constitute fencing it in and cultivating it, and this occurred when Jill fenced it in but the planting of trees is a debatable act of exclusive possession. The limitation period therefore began between 1985 and 1990 but no further accuracy is required as the second element of possession is not met. This is intention, which is to make clear to the rest of the world that there is intention to possess the lands exclusively. The planting of trees would not be sufficient for this but the fencing would and therefore, the period of limitation began in 1990. Adverse Possession Possession requires to have been inconsistent with the rights of the owner. Disused land that is subject to a future purpose by the proprietary owner is dealt with in the case of Leigh v Jack[11] which began the theory of implied licence whereby possession of disused land could not lead to dispossession by an adverse possessor. However, this assumption is no longer recognised as trite law since Sch 1, para 8(4) of the 1980 Act states that mere consistent treatment of land by the adverse possessor with the intentions of the proprietor will not assume implied licence. Therefore, the ground taken by Jill has been adversely possessed. Aggregation of adverse possession S 15(1) of the 1980 Act allows for the aggregation of the period of adverse possession thereby allowing a new owner to include any period of adverse possession by the old owner.[12] The adverse possession must be continuous and this is satisfied in the present circumstance with Berthaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchase from Jill. Interruption of limitation Proceedings may be brought by the true owner against the adverse possessor but proceedings must progress through to judgement and the mere issuing of a writ is not sufficient[13]. The Councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s letter to request the removal of a fence therefore does not satisfy the extent of action required to cease the running of the limitation period. There has been adverse possession of the unregistered land from 1990 to 2005, which means that the Councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right of action has expired and Bertha has acquired a legal estate. Adverse possession of registered land The Land Registration Act 2002 creates limitations for adverse possession of registered land. The adverse possessor has to apply for registration in the land registry under Sch 6 but only once they have undergone uninterrupted possession for at least ten years[14] up to the date of application or within six months of an eviction notice[15]. Aggregation does not apply for registered land but Bertha still has more than ten years between 1992 and 2005 and, if the notice received from the Council is for eviction, she has sought advice well within six months. In accordance with rr. 194 and 198 of the Land Registration Rules 2003[16] the registrar must however notify the registered proprietor of the application once it is received. If there is no response to such notice, the adverse possessor may register title.[17] This will not happen to Bertha as the Council will object and defeat her claim. There are however three circumstances where responses by the proprietor or others with i nterests will not affect the application for registration of title by the adverse possessor. These are estoppel[18], some other right to the land[19] and reasonable mistake as to boundaries[20]. The second is irrelevant and no reasonable mistake could have been made as to boundaries as the house purchased by Bertha was registered no later than 1985 and the boundaries would have been clearly marked. There is also no notion of estoppel as the registered proprietor did not induce Bertha to believe that the land was hers[21]. Bertha will loose the registered land! Bibliography Legislation Land Registration Act 1925 Limitation Act 1980 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 Land Registration Act 2002 Land Registration Rules 2003 SI 2003/1417 Case Law Freeguard v Royal Bank of Scotland Plc (2000) 79 P CR 81 Wolfson v Registrar General (NSW) (1934) 51 CLR 300 Creelman v Hudson Bay Insurance Co [1920] AC 194 Abbey National Building Societ y v Cann [1991] 1 AC 56 Ward v Ward (1871) LR 6 Ch App 789 Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 Powell v McFarlane (1970) 38 P C R 452 Leigh v Jack (1879) 5 Ex D 264 Mount Carmel Investments Ltd v Peter Thurlow Ltd [1988] WLR 1078 Markfield Investment Ltd v Evans [2001] 1 WLR 1321 Secondary Resources Ruoff, T.B., 1957, An Englishman Looks at the Torrens System Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane Gray K Gray S.F., 2005 Elements of Land Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press Land Registry Press Release LRP03/03 (4 February 2003) 1 Footnotes [1] Freeguard v Royal Bank of Scotland Plc (2000) 79 P CR 81 at p 86 per R Walker LJ [2] Ruoff, T.B., 1957, An Englishman Looks at the Torrens System Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, at p 8 [3] (1934) 51 CLR 300, See Rich and Evatt JJ at p 308 [4] Land Registry Press Release LRP03/03 (4 February 2003) [5] See for example. Creelman v Hudson Bay Insurance Co [1920] AC 194 at p 197 per Lord Buckmeister. See also Abbey National Building Society v Cann [1991] 1 AC 56 at 78C per Lord Oliver of Aylmerton [6] (1871) LR 6 Ch App 789 [7] Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 [8] Limitation Act 1980, s 15(1) [9] (1970) 38 P C R 452 [10] supra note 9 at p 471 [11] (1879) 5 Ex D 264 [12] Mount Carmel Investments Ltd v Peter Thurlow Ltd [1988] WLR 1078 [13] Markfield Investment Ltd v Evans [2001] 1 WLR 1321 [14] LRA 2002 Sch 1 para 1 [15] LRA 2002 Sch 1 para 3 [16] SI 2003/1417 [17] LRA 2002 Sch 6 para 4 [18] LRA 2002, Sch 6, para 5(2)(a) [19] LRA 200 2, Sch 6, para 5(3) [20] LRA 2002, Sch 6, para 5(4)-(5) [21] Gray K Gray S.F., 2005 Elements of Land Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, p 384

The Commercialization Of Flumist ( Medimmune ) The First...

The FDA approved in 2003 the commercialization of FluMist ® (MedImmune) the first influenza vaccine with attenuated virus. This trivalent vaccine is administrated via intranasal spray because the virus replicates in cells lining the nasopharynx [21–23]. Use of live-attenuated vaccine has been limited to individuals two through forty-nine years of age based on a failed efficacy to prevent febrile illness in adults fifty through sixty five years of age [22]. As in the TIV the first step for the vaccine production is the generation of the viral seeds that presents the circulating HA and NA and six internal segments (PA, PB1, PB2, NS, NP, M) from the cold-adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or ca B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (the master donor virus for LAIV (MDV)) [24, 25]. The manufacture of approved FluMist ® is also based on the injection in embryonated eggs of the reassortant virus and the recovery of the allantoic fluid with the screening of the reassortant that grows well at 25 ºC (cold -adapted) and present restricted growth (ta) at 37-39 ºC and is attenuated (att). The vaccine is tested in the ferret model [22]. Once the reassortant virus is selected, it is then injected in fertilized eggs pathogen free (SPF) that are incubated between 48-72h at 35-37 ºC. The allantoic fluid is recovered and clarified by filtration. The virus is concentrated by ultrafiltration and diluted using a stabilizing agent to obtain the final sucrose and potassium phosphate concentration. The virus harvest is thenShow MoreRelatedMedimmune Case Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesMedImmune Case Study Background MedImmune is dedicated to helping patients live better lives through advances in science and medicine. Hundreds of thousands of patients have benefited from their products, which are designed to treat or prevent infectious diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases (Wikipedia, 2012). Their extensive research and development efforts are focused on these same areas. MedImmune acquired FluMist when it purchased Aviron in 2002. FluMist is Aviron’s lead product for

The Literature Emerging From The African, Latin American,...

ASSIGNEMENT Of SOCIAL DEVELPOMENT DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, DELHI MA (SW), Semester III ARTICLE NAME -Gender, Households and Poverty Tracking Mediations of Macro Adjustment Programmes Submitted to - Dr. Seema Sharma Mr.Pratap Chandra Behra Submitted by-Raman M.A (Final YEAR) DATE OF SUBMISSION-20 OCT 2014 Introduction about the article The literature emerging from the African, Latin American, Caribbean and Asian countries that have adopted structural adjustment programmes throws light on the multidimensional of effects at the households’ level. This article captures significant areas from the literature around. (a) Women’s work, poverty and structural†¦show more content†¦After a brief overview of positions vis-à  -vis structural adjustment the significant areas of concern that emerge the literature around women’s work, poverty and structural adjustment and gender specific impact. In particular, this paper attempts to capture significant areas of concern that emerge from the literature around: women’s work, poverty and structural adjustment; household survival strategies; and growing orthodoxy and the extant critique around gender, poverty, household headship and household survival strategies. The proponents, who see’ the robes .If not for Structural Adjustment Policies(SAP),the countries the time of taking international monetary fund and world bank loans would have face more distress. The microeconomic theories and policies examined with respect to their varying impacts on men and women. The structural adjustment policies introduced in various countries within a context of pre-existing social and gender inequalities, evidently impact women negatively more than men. Hadled et al (1955) have attempted to examine country level studies to understand the impact of stabilization policies on women welfare. The examination of the gender implications of structural adjustment process has to investigate

Pearl Jam free essay sample

Words cannot describe the leap my heart took when I heard Pearl Jam would be releasing a new album, their first in four years. I immediately pre-ordered it, and nearly fainted when I checked the mail one day and saw that Pearl Jam’s self-titled album was in my possession. The album starts off with the same hard rock roots for which Pearl Jam is notorious, but I couldn’t help but notice that Eddie Vedder’s voice has noticeably aged and that the vocal moments when he would have roughened up and gone into a garage/punk mode have decreased. Those that do exist are less rough than I expected. Songs like â€Å"Comatose,† â€Å"Marker in the Sand† and some parts of â€Å"Life Wasted† almost sounded watered down. Nonetheless, amidst the aggressive blues soloing of Mike McCready and the intricate rhythm guitar work of Stone Gossard, Vedder’s cleaner singing voice fits in perfectly. We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Jam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second half of the album is a bit better than the first, comprised of more intense songs which show off Vedder’s vocal range and ability to put massive amounts of emotion into his singing without getting emo. Songs like â€Å"Army Reserve† (co-written by Damien Echols of the West Memphis Three), the soul-tinged â€Å"Come Back† and the haunting â€Å"Gone† are perfect examples of what made Pearl Jam my favorite band, and arguably the best rock group out there. Hands-down, the best track on the album is the anthemic closer â€Å"Inside Job.† Clocking in at over seven minutes, it is chilling and uses a combination of acoustic and electric guitars with a magnificent piano part a la Boom Gaspar. Overall, this, like all Pearl Jam albums, has its moments of unparalleled raw emotion and pure musical intensity. It lacks, however, the track consistency that made earlier albums rock classics. Regardless, Pearl Jam remains one of the sure signs that true rock ’n’ roll hasn’t been brutally murdered by pop acts like Linkin Park. Pearl Jam free essay sample Pearl JamThe waiting drove me mad Youre finally here and Im a mess, sang Pearl Jams lead singer, Eddie Vedder. As I stood in my seat at Madison Square Garden, I realized that those lyrics to Corduroy described my emotions perfectly. I had waited five long years to see my favorite band play live.Once Pearl Jams long battle with Ticketmaster began, I feared that I would never see them live, but Pearl Jam pulled through. In early 1998, the band announced they would be touring to support their latest album, Yield, and would give in and play some Ticketmaster venues (like Madison Square Garden) so they could reach more fans. Like me!The opening act, Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals, was, at best, mediocre. Ben Harper didnt foreshadow the stupendous show that was to come. Pearl Jam came on and brought with them a tremendous amount of energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Jam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard bounced around the stage with the happiness of people who truly love their jobs. Along with bassist Jeff Ament and the regular crew, former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron joined the tour.It was apparent that Pearl Jam had put all their Ticketmaster troubles behind them. Even with their plummeting record sales, Pearl Jam has proved that they are true masters of their game. They may not have won their battle with Ticketmaster, but they showed that they are pragmatists who know when the fight is over. To me, they didnt lose. They came out of this ordeal showing that music was the reason they stayed together.The self-proclaimed moody Eddie Vedder was in rare form that night. He joked with the audience as if we were his old friends. Before the encores, several uniformed men came out carrying file boxes and told us this was the Ken Starr report! Pearl Jam played a good mix of new and old. Grunge rock anthems like Alive, Evenflow and Jeremy brou ght down the house. Vedder even stopped at certain points to let the crowd shout the lyrics we all knew so well. New songs (Do The Evolution and Wishlist) were just as moving. I was pleasantly surprised that they played some lesser known tunes, including my personal favorite, Elderly Woman.Pearl Jam showed that they had evolved from angst-ridden grunge rockers to veteran musicians who know their music would carry into the next millenniumVedder said, You aint nothing til you play Madison Square Garden, and I knew I had never heard a concert as good as this one until they did..

Macbeth Diary Entries free essay sample

I am weary and suspective of Macbeth as he questions much of my movement with Fleance that afternoon. I really feel something amiss. Maybe it is just Macbeths insecurity for all i know. It is late and Fleance is waiting for me in the woods. I must go now. Macbeth and I just had just came back from a battle. A great one indeed. We had came ashore and were proceeding back to Forres when we came upon this desserted and gloomy heath where we were most shcoked to be greeted by three witches that had long beards strecthing from their ragged cloaks. I was uncertain what gender they were, but i knew something was wrong. At first sight, the three creatures greeted Macbeth Thane of Glamis. They then started chanting prophesis that concerned Macbeth and me. The first witch chanted,All hail,Macbeth! Hail to thee,Thane of Glamis followed by the next All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee,Thane of Cawdor and the last of which chanted All hail, Macbeth ,that shalt be king hereafter! Hail they chanted three times together and continued prophesising. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Diary Entries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lesser then Macbeth, and greater. the first witch chanted. Continued the second Not so happy, yet much happier. Thou shalt get kings ,though thou be none So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo. Chanted the last of witch. I was overwhelmed by suspision when i heard those prophesies whilst Macbeth was, I should say rather engrosed and interested in their prophesies. Macbeth wanted them to stay but in a blink of an eye, they suddenly disappeared into thin air. Macbeth was furious. Stay you imperfect speakers, tell me moreMacbeth Was truely interested in these creatures prophesy, but i just got a bad feeling about this. Dear Diary, The news my cousin brought filled me with an unimaginable grief. My family, brought to the graves by such feeble means, so defenceless and alone while I was off in England arguing with Malcolm about my loyalty, which how dare he question it! Only a monster would kill innocent children and women, there was no reason for it! How can they live with themselves? As I write I am miles away from Fife for how could I stay when that atrocity happened in the place where I would have rested? I can never forgive myself for what happened that day, that fateful day which has brought me nothing but pain. I lay in my bed last night feeling alone and confused. My thoughts were in flux; I had ranged between crushing, overwhelming depression, during which I had shed countless tears onto my blankets, and anger so volatile I got up to put on my armour and immediately head to Fife (thrice), in hopes of catching the perpetrator only to remember my family, take off my armour, and lay back down. My wife would not have liked me to be dwelling on avenging their deaths but it is the only thing my mind has been set on. I have thought of killing myself, taking away the pain but I cannot do that! What would people think? I have no heir to my title or wealth, they would think I killed my family myself! Then I think of that assassin and him off gallivanting killing more innocent people and breaking other peoples hearts and I know hes got to be finished. If I ever find out who has killed my loved ones, I will be the death of them or they be the death of me. Macduff I am writing this entry, sitting at a desk in Scone. I have recently witnessed my dear friend Macbeth crowned King of Scotland. I am still in shock after the strange happenings of the past few days, so I am not yet overcome with neither joy nor grief. I should be happy for Macbeth, yet I feel that something inside me will not allow me to be so. These events, I fear, have not happened by chance, but that something evil, something supernatural is at work. Macbeth and I felt immense pride, on that fateful day as we rode, victorious, over the moor. We had just defeated the ghastly Norwegians, though by uncivilized means. Macbeth rightly said So foul; and fair a day I have not seen. Not far into our journey, we came upon three weird sisters. They all hailed Macbeth Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and king hereafter. True, he was Thane of Glamis, but we were puzzled, to say the least, about the other two statements. As I was intrigued, I questioned them about my future. In reply, they told me that my sons would me kings, and that I would be Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. This confuses me greatly, for had they not just said that Macbeth would be king? Of course, I chose not to believe these instruments of darkness. Amazingly, minutes after the sisters had vanished, Macbeth was announced Thane of Cawdor. We were both quite taken aback, for the beings had foretold that very thing. I think our minds both raced towards the third prediction, All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter! I believe that Macbeth began to think about how to make the third prophecy a reality. We spoke no more about it. Surprisingly, Malcolm was named Duncans successor, though Macbeth was firm favourite in my mind, at least.

Ratio Analysis and Statement of Cash Flows Paper

Ratio Analysis and Statement of Cash Flows Paper The business world uses risk analysis to aid in determining the health and viability of a given company. While risk ratio analysis alone does not provide concrete answers about the health and viability of a company, it can raise important questions that will help determine where the company stands in its industry. There are four types of financial ratios used in financial ratio analysis."Leverage ratios show how heavily the company is in debt; liquidity ratios measure how easily the firm can lay its hands on cash; efficiency or turnover ratios measure how productively the firm is using its assets; and profitability ratios are used to measure the firm's return on its investment" (Brealey, Myers, Marcus, 2004).The two companies reviewed by this learning team are Google and Yahoo. Thesecompanies are found in the technology sector of the business world under the industry category of Internet Information Providers. Comparing the two most recent fiscal years 2004 and 2005, both companies h ad a high return on its investment.Screenshot of Yahoo! search results for "Miserable...In the years 2004/2005, Yahoo's operating profit margin was 33% and 48% respectively, while Google's was 20% and 35% respectively. The return on equity for Yahoo was 12% and 22% respectively, and Google was 14% and 16% percent respectively. It is not entirely clear what these numbers tell us but companies sell "information," meaning their product does not require a great deal of capital for product inventory in order to generate revenue. Although both companies realized profit margin gains in 2004 and 2005, Yahoo's profit margin was larger and their return on equity was higher than that of Google.The total asset turnover shows that for every dollar of asset produced in 2004 and 2005, only .39 and .49 of sales were generated for Yahoo, and .96 and .60 for Google. This could...

James Stimson and Walter Lippman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

James Stimson and Walter Lippman - Essay Example On the other hand, Walter Lipmann views political changes and drafting laws as people who have their own limited areas of thinking tanks and social setups and they are bound innately by behavior to share and act within those social gatherings precisely. Therefore, he considers lawful bodies as apart from those people and they make laws workable with reference to those limited think tanks of their own. Therefore our values, ideas, and opinions have different boundaries and cannot be directly observed. All these diverse thoughts and opinions must be stacked together into a synchronized output. He further stresses on the fact that whatever is heard and not witnessed, is subjective leading to the personal observation of events. Furthermore, even the visual happening may contain sustainable errors of viewing and presenting the truth. This largely depends on the size of the crowd as the number of person increase, the actual event or word will be displaced as many times as the number of peo ple passing and commenting on it increases. Its accuracy and reliability decrease. Moreover, the facts are actually the happenings that what we want to see and are largely dependent on our emotional, psychological and situational implications. According to Walter, only a specialized class of individuals can act as consultants who are to resolve many of the problems whereas the representative government has nothing to do with it. The government if it has to operate set standards for providing basic necessities.... Therefore our values, ideas and opinions have differing boundaries and cannot be directly observed. All these diverse thoughts and opinions must be stacked together in to a synchronized output. He further stresses on the fact that whatever is heard and not witnessed, is subjective leading to personal observation of events. Furthermore even the visual happening may contain sustainable errors of viewing and presenting the truth. This largely depends on the size of crowd as the number of persons increase, the actual event or word will be displaced as many times as the number of people passing and commenting on it increases. Its accuracy and reliability decreases. Moreover the facts are actually the happenings that what we want to see and are largely dependent on our emotional, psychological and situational implications. According to Walter, only a specialized class of individuals can act as consultants who are to resolve many of the problems whereas the representative government has not hing to do with it. The government if it has to operate set standards for providing basic necessities and draws a border line standard limit to access its performance which according to him is a concern of very few people. James Stimson gave his own view on public opinion that changes and shapes American politics. He says that the political change is clustered at margin on the basis of which he gave different factual and objective assessment theories and concepts to support his views, whereas Walter Lipmann differentiates between the true facts and the picture of human as a result or impression driven by those facts and the actual action of human of the picture. James thinks that if a dramatic critical change is subdued then it’s a game play of

The mother's first duty is to raise the child, and no one else can Essay

The mother's first duty is to raise the child, and no one else can subsititute for the mother - Essay Example Even in cultures where mingling of two sexes is considered sacrilegious, the weaker sex has shouldered equal responsibilities in battles and wars. It can be argued that the troubled times or emergencies are exceptions and the role of women in normal times should be only to raise their children. "Although the Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 established a permanent presence for women in all branches of the armed forces, a new Army regulation in October 1949 required the discharge of female servicewomen with children under the age of 18. Thus mothers of dependent children were ineligible to enlist in reserve units and were discharged after childbirth or adoption. In the following Congressional session, the Senate passed S. 1492, allowing the reinstatement of women with dependent children. The bill, however, died in the House Committee on Armed Services and failed to become law. The testimony of Women's Army Corps Director Colonel Irene O. Galloway, to the Senate subcommittee on S. 1492, presented the Department of Defense position opposing the bill (History Matters). "Galloway argued that in the event of an emergen cy mobilization, such women could not and should not be counted on to leave their duties as mothers to join activated units. In the 1970s, Congress finally passed a law that allowed women with dependent children to enlist" (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services). The topic, ever since the beginning of civilization, has been argued upon by philosophers, reformists and preachers. But ever since the history has witnessed the same philosophers, reformists and preachers were also, at certain other times, siding with the opposite as well. Those in favor take nature as their best defense and those against fight it with the necessities of their time. There are only a few to be found in literature opposing the topic. It seems that the poets and writers are bent upon not to let their mothers do anything else but to love them, ignoring the fact that there are other chores for them to attend to. After searching the available sources there could be found only one novelist, who admits, that children grow up by themselves whether a mother looks after them or not. "A mother! What are we worth really They all grow up whether you look after them or not. Christina Stead (1902-1983), Australian novelist. 'The Man Who Loved Children' (1940)"(Microsoft Corporation). The reformists disagree, the naturalists defend it and the philosophers stress on what is required by the prevailing conditions. It is difficult to say if the topic in itself or the opposite can at any time be taken as a rule for any group of people. One has to agree with the philosophical view. Coming to terms, the closest we can come is to say that a mother's role is vital in building the character of her child and character building is one of the major responsibilities of motherhood. Now to the second part of the topic, "No one else can substitute for mother". Well, if this part of the topic is analyzed further one would initially certainly come across conditions in which an alternate to mother is impossible. Like, in giving birth. Come to think of it again, this is exactly what is being done now, the surrogate mothers. Civilization would have seized to exist if a replacement to mother was

Individual Project Unit 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Project Unit 5 - Essay Example As the business evolves, it would seem likely that a large amount of physical paperwork and electronic data begins to accumulate due to internal operations, record-keeping for items such as payroll, and simply copies of literature which is distributed to employees routinely. Further, there may also be a large amount of information stemming from marketing efforts or even graphic illustrations (depending on the nature of the company). It is no longer practical in todays business environment to have mountains of storage space available for items including bulky manual payroll slips or six-year old manuals that no longer serve a practical purpose in the evolving office environment. Having offered this, it becomes absolutely necessary to create a system of databases to store and transfer these operations-related documents. Managing the information would require the implementation of some sort of computer and software system designed around the specific needs of the business environment. For example, if the company had too many manual documents to flip through in order to find out about last years inventory-related purchase, an electronic system would accomplish this goal in a fraction of the time with a simple search through data storage. This type of search would free up the day-to-day activity schedule of each employee, giving them much more time to attend to productive business activities and boost profitability. The intranet is a popular method today of managing the internal movement of information from one employee (or division) to the next (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2005). After analyzing budget requirements, if the funds were available, purchasing such software could enhance operations greatly and boost productivity. The Internet can drastically improve the business environment as it provides a broader forum to communicate to potential customers and advertise the business. Marketing professionals tend to agree that Internet marketing has shown marked

Religious Themes in Roman Polanskis A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film

Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan. Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan.

Is the Earth large or small? Essay

Any information concerning the size of the earth is likely to refers to this aspect its description within the context of relativity. As one of the planets in the solar system, the earth is large relative to its planetary counterparts. It is the largest and most massive of the terrestrial planets (which include Mars, Venus, and Mercury) within the solar system. In addition, the earth is also denser than the other planets within its solar system. However, compared with the non-terrestrial planets (Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) the earth is very small. In comparison with the sun, the earth is tiny. The mass of the earth is 5. 9736 X 1024 kg. This, compared with the mass of the sun is 1. 99 X 1030 kg, which is 332,946 times that of the earth. On the size scales within the solar system, therefore, the earth might be considered medium sized. However, since the sun is quite miniscule compared to other stars and to the physical bodies within and beyond the galaxy, the sizes of the earth on a universal scale approaches the infinitesimal. 2. What are the major differences between parallels and meridians? Parallels or latitudes differ from meridians primarily in the directions in which they run. While parallels always run east-west, meridians run north-south in a way that allows each to cut (cross) each parallel at a different angle. This is because meridians all run through the axes of the earth, and this ensures that they all converge upon the poles. The parallels or latitudes run parallel to each other, and this ensures that they never meet each other in their journeys around the earth. One effect that this difference (in parallelism) has on the two types of lines is that while parallels are always equidistant from the equator and poles at every point on its circumference, meridians change their distances from each other the closer or further away they are from the poles. Therefore, at the equator, the distance between any two given meridian will always be greater than at any other latitude on the earth. 3. Why are vertical rays of the Sun never experienced poleward on the tropic lines? The sun’s vertical rays are experienced only between 23. 5oN and 23. 5oS primarily as a result of the tilt of the earth’s axis. This tilt measures 23. 5 degrees, so as the earth revolves around the sun, its poles tilt toward or away from the sun at this angle. During the summers (which alternate between opposing parts of the year in for the northern and southern hemispheres), the poles are tilted toward the sun. However, the angle this causes the earth to make with the sun ensures that the angles of the sun-rays hitting the earth are less than the 90 degrees which would constitute a direct hit. Because of this tilt, the rays of the sun are sometimes able to shine directly on such parts of the earth that always between the latitudes that remain in the direct path of the rays after the 23. 5o tilt. The further north or south of these latitudes one goes, the less of a direct contact the earth makes with the sun’s rays. In fact, the extreme of this is that very close to the poles at certain times of the year, the sun’s light is not seen at all. 4. On which day of the year do the vertical rays of the Sun strike the farthest north of the Equator? What is the latitude? Why? The days on which the sun’s vertical rays hit the earth at the angle farthest from the equator is approximately December 22. This is known as the Winter Solstice, and describes the time when the Northern Hemisphere experiences its shortest daytime period (or longest night-time period). The latitude at which this occurs is the 23. 5oN, which represents the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer. This occurs primarily because of the earth’s axial tilt, which is about 23 degrees toward or away from the sun. At the time of the Northern Hemisphere’s Winter Solstice, the earth is tilted away from the sun, yet the sun’s direction from the earth at that time compensates for that tilt so that its rays hit at the spot farthest north that is possible at any given time. This â€Å"spot† occurs at 23o north of the equator. 5. Explain the implications of the statement, ‘No map is totally accurate. ’ According to mapping standards held by the Unites States (and likely by other countries), maps have to maintain accuracy within a given scale. For example, for scales where one (1) inch on the map represents 24,000 inches on land (or sea), the inaccuracy level of the map should not exceed 1/50th of an inch in more than 10% of the points (USGS). These standards are based upon the premise or understanding that no map can be completely accurate. However, what this means is that at minute scales on the ground or sea, it becomes impossible to locate things with a large degree of accuracy. This can be seen more clearly when it is known that 1/50th of an inch on a 1:24,000 scale represents 40 feet (USGS). Therefore, in important expeditions that require map use, a user may expect to be ignorant concerning the exact location of a designated point within at least a 40-foot radius. 6. A globe can portray Earths surface more accurately than a map, but globes are rarely used. Why? Globes are more accurate than maps because, while the map distorts the latitude lines, the shapes of its landmasses and other features, these are kept in true to form on globes. However, globes are rarely used because of their three-dimensional natures that make them more difficult to navigate than two-dimensional maps. The shapes made by the intersection of parallels and meridians are also less like simple geometrical shapes. Because of the way in which the latitude lines are portrayed on maps (as vertical and parallel, thereby creating the illusion of squares) these are usually more suited to calculations done by the lay person or navigator. These parallel latitudes represent not real latitude lines but what has been termed loxodromes (also known as rhumb lines). These rhumb lines actually represent the constant bearing of a compass and calculations using these lines make it easier for navigators to determine the direction of their courses (Rosenberg). Maps are also more intuitively like humans view the surface of the earth. From our perspective, it does not appear to be a sphere, but a large expansive area. Therefore, maps accord more to our everyday experience and are easier for humans to translate. 7. Distinguish between GPS and GIS. Provide ways in which these tools can be useful to physical geographers. The Global Positioning System or GPS is a system that facilitates the location of objects or areas on or around the earth based on a group of satellites which have been launched into the earth’s orbit at about 11,000 miles (Corvallis). This differs from a GIS, which is a Geographical Information System—a database that holds the location of a large number of locations on the earth. The difference between the two lies in that while the GPS is the system for mapping an object, the GIS is the actual object that whose position is being mapped. The GPS system is of immense importance because of the level of accuracy it provides whether on the scales required by navigators or those required for geodesic positioning (ISSA). GIS allows geographers to be able to know, map, and locate specific regions or objects on the earths surface. It also allows them to chart paths from one location to the next by accurately calculating vectors that denote the relative distances and directions between given locations. The GPS continually expands the data available by embodying the technology that allows new places to be located and pin-pointed. Works Cited Corvallis. â€Å"Introdiction to the Global Positioning System for GIS or TRAVERSE. † CMTINC. com.Corvallis, OR: Corvallis Microtechnology Incorporated. http://www. cmtinc. com/gpsbook/index. htm ISSA. â€Å"The Global Information System. † The International Strategic Studies Association. 2004. http://128. 121. 186. 47/ISSA/gis/index. htm Rosenberg, Matt. T. â€Å"Peters Map vs. Mercator Map. † About Geography. New York: New York Times Company. http://geography. about. com/library/weekly/aa030201b. htm USGS. â€Å"Map Accuracy Standards. † United States Geographical Survey. Reston: U. S. Department of the Interior. 1999. http://erg. usgs. gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs17199. html

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method

Stone boiling is an ancient cooking technique to heat food with directly exposing it to flame, reducing the likelihood of burning, and allowing the construction of stews and soups. The old story about Stone Soup, in which a glorious stew is created by placing stones in hot water and inviting guests to contribute vegetables and bones, may have its roots in ancient stone-boiling.   How to Boil Stones Stone boiling involves placing stones into or next to a hearth or other heat source until the stones are hot. Once they have achieved an optimal temperature, the stones are quickly placed into a ceramic pot, lined basket or other vessel holding water or liquid or semi-liquid food. The hot stones then transfer the heat to the food. To maintain a continued boiling or simmering temperature, the cook simply adds more, carefully timed, heated rocks. Boiling stones typically range in size between large cobbles and small boulders, and should be of a type of stone that is resistant to flaking and splintering when heated. The technology involves a considerable amount of labor, including finding and carrying an adequate number of appropriately sized stones and building a large enough fire to transfer sufficient heat to the stones. Invention Direct evidence for using stones to heat liquid is a little hard to come by: hearths by definition generally have rocks in them (called generally fire-cracked rock), and identifying whether the stones have been used to heat liquid is difficult at best. The earliest evidence that scholars have suggested for the use of fire dates to ~790,000 years ago, and clear evidence for soup making is not present at such sites: it is possible, perhaps likely, that fire was first used to provide warmth and light, rather than cooking. The first true, purpose-built hearths associated with cooked food date to the Middle Paleolithic (ca. 125,000 years ago). And the earliest example of hearths filled with heat-fractured round river cobbles come from the Upper Paleolithic site of Abri Pataud in the Dordogne valley of France, about 32,000 years ago. Whether those cobbles were used to cook with is probably speculation, but definitely a possibility. According to a comparative ethnography study conducted by American anthropologist Kit Nelson, stone boiling is used most frequently by people who live ​in the temperate zones on earth, between 41 and 68 degrees latitude. All kinds of cooking methods are familiar to most people, but in general, tropical cultures more often use roasting or steaming; arctic cultures rely on direct-fire heating; and in the boreal mid-latitudes, stone boiling is most common. Why Boil Stones? American archaeologist Alston Thoms has argued that people use stone boiling when they dont have access to easily cooked foods, such as lean meat that can be direct-cooked over a flame. He indicates support for this argument by showing that the first North American hunter-gatherers didnt use stone boiling intensively until about 4,000 years  ago when agriculture became a dominant subsistence strategy. Stone boiling might be considered evidence of the invention of stews or soups. Pottery made that possible. Nelson points out that stone boiling requires a container and a stored liquid; stone boiling involves the process of heating liquids without the dangers of burning a basket or the contents of a bowl by direct exposure to fire. And, domestic grains such as maize in North America and millet elsewhere require more processing, in general, to be edible. Any connection between boiling stones and the ancient story called Stone Soup is sheer speculation. The story involves a stranger coming to a village, building a hearth and placing a pot of water over it. She puts in stones and invites others to taste the stone soup. The stranger invites others to add an ingredient, and pretty soon, Stone Soup is a collaborative meal full of tasty things. The Benefits of Limestone Cookery A recent experimental study based on assumptions about American southwestern Basketmaker II (200–400 CE) stone boiling used local limestone rocks as heating elements in baskets to cook maize. Basketmaker societies did not have pottery containers until after the introduction of beans: but corn was an important part of the diet, and hot stone cookery is believed to have been the primary method of preparing maize. U.S. archaeologist Emily Ellwood and colleagues adding heated limestone to water, raising the pH of ​the  water to 11.4–11.6 at temperatures between 300–600 degrees centigrade, and higher yet over longer periods and at higher temperatures. When historical varieties of maize were cooked in the water, chemical lime leached from the stones broke down the corn and increased the availability of digestible proteins. Identifying Stone Boiling Tools Hearths at many prehistoric archaeological sites have a preponderance of fire-cracked rock, and establishing evidence that some were used in stone boiling has been tested by American archaeologist Fernanda Neubauer. Her experiments found that the most common fracture on stone boiled rocks are contraction-fractures, which exhibit irregular crenulated, wavy, or jagged cracks on the breakage faces and a rough and undulating interior surface. She also found that repeated heating and cooling eventually fractures the cobbles into pieces too small to use depending on the raw material and that the repetition also can cause fine crazing of the rock surfaces. Evidence such as that described by Neubauer has been found in Spain and China by about 12,000–15,000 years ago, suggesting the technique was well known by the end of the last Ice Age. Selected Sources Ellwood, Emily C., et al. Stone-Boiling Maize with Limestone: Experimental Results and Implications for Nutrition among SE Utah Preceramic Groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.1 (2013): 35-44. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. The Discovery of Late Paleolithic Boiling Stones at SDG 12, North China. Quaternary International 347 (2014): 91-96. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. On Stone-Boiling Technology in the Upper Paleolithic: Behavioral Implications from an Early Magdalenian Hearth in El Mirà ³n Cave, Cantabria, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 684-93. Print.Nelson, Kit. Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 238-47. Print.Neubauer, Fernanda. Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks. American Antiquity 83.4 (2018): 681-700. Print.Short, Laura, et al. Facile Residue Analysis of Recent and Prehistoric Cook Stones Using Handheld Raman Spectrometry. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 46.1 (2015): 126-32. Prin t.Thoms, Alston V. Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot-Rock Cookery in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 573-91. Print.